> 01 Full Reference List

Full Reference List

References are numbered to match inline [N] citation markers throughout the site. Study-type markers: PRECLINICAL = animal in vivo or in vitro; CLINICAL = human trial; PK = pharmacokinetics; REVIEW = systematic or narrative review; REGULATORY = regulatory docket or classification document; SAR = structure-activity relationship; ANTIDOPING = anti-doping research.

  1. Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998;139(5):552-561. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 9849822 — DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1390552 — PubMed ↗
  2. Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 1999;9(2):106-113. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 10373343 — DOI: 10.1054/ghir.1999.9998 — PubMed ↗
  3. Andersen NB, Malmlof K, Johansen PB, Andreassen TT, Ortoft G, Oxlund H. The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2001;11(5):266-272. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 11735244 — DOI: 10.1054/ghir.2001.0239 — PubMed ↗
  4. Svensson J, Lall S, Dickson SL, Bengtsson BA, Romer J, Ahnfelt-Ronne I, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO. The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats. Journal of Endocrinology. 2000;165(3):569-577. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 10828840 — DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1650569 — PubMed ↗
  5. Jimenez-Reina L, Canete R, de la Torre MJ, Bernal G. Influence of chronic treatment with the growth hormone secretagogue Ipamorelin, in young female rats: somatotroph response in vitro. Histology and Histopathology. 2002;17(3):707-714. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 12168778 — DOI: 10.14670/HH-17.707 — PubMed ↗
  6. Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001;280(1):132-138. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 11162489 — DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4065 — PubMed ↗
  7. Aagaard NK, Grofte T, Greisen J, Malmlof K, Johansen PB, Gronbaek H, Orskov H, Tygstrup N, Vilstrup H. Growth hormone and growth hormone secretagogue effects on nitrogen balance and urea synthesis in steroid treated rats. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2009;19(5):426-431. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 19231263 — DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.01.001 — PubMed ↗
  8. Venkova K, Mann W, Nelson R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2009;329(3):1110-1116. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 19289567 — DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.149211 — PubMed ↗
  9. Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Tyler K, Mohammadi E, Pietra C. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology. 2012;4:149-155. PRECLINICAL
    PMID: 27186127 — DOI: 10.2147/JEP.S35396 — PMC ↗
  10. Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. CLINICAL
    PMID: 25331030 — NCT00672074 — DOI: 10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8 — PubMed ↗
  11. Johansen PB, Hansen KT, Andersen JV, Johansen NL. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorption. Xenobiotica. 1998;28(11):1083-1091. PK
    PMID: 9879640 — DOI: 10.1080/004982598238976 — PubMed ↗
  12. Gobburu JV, Agersoe H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Ipamorelin, a Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide, in Human Volunteers. Pharmaceutical Research. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. PK
    DOI: 10.1023/A:1018955126402 — Springer ↗
  13. Ankersen M, Johansen NL, Madsen K, Hansen BS, Raun K, Nielsen KK, Thogersen H, Hansen TK, Peschke B, Lau J, Lundt BF, Andersen PH. A new series of highly potent growth hormone-releasing peptides derived from ipamorelin. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1998;41(19):3699-3706. SAR
    PMID: 9733495 — DOI: 10.1021/jm9801962 — PubMed ↗
  14. Mosinska P, Zatorski H, Storr M, Fichna J. Future Treatment of Constipation-associated Disorders: Role of Relamorelin and Other Ghrelin Receptor Agonists. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 2017;23(4):458-468. REVIEW
    PMID: 28238253 — DOI: 10.5056/jnm16183 — PMC ↗
  15. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiology & Behavior. 2024;284:114644. PRECLINICAL
    DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114644 — ScienceDirect ↗
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. Bulk Drug Substance Nomination: Ipamorelin acetate / Ipamorelin free base (FDA-2024-N-4188). FDA Docket / Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. 2024. REGULATORY
    FDA Advisory Committee Calendar ↗
  17. Ishida J, Saitoh M, Ebner N, Springer J, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development. JCSM Rapid Communications. 2020;3(1):25-37. REVIEW
    DOI: 10.1002/rco2.9 — Wiley ↗
  18. Sport Integrity Australia. Ipamorelin (Pentapeptide) Substance Information. Sport Integrity Australia Anti-Doping Substance Education. 2025. ANTIDOPING
    Sport Integrity Australia ↗